The restructured Artemis programme will now include two test flights in 2027 before attempting a surface landing, with NASA committing to at least one landing per year from 2028 onwards. The decision follows a report from NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel (ASAP) that raised concerns about rushing to land on the lunar surface without adequate testing of critical systems.
The original Artemis III mission, which was set to be the first crewed Moon landing since Apollo 17 in 1972, will now serve as a proving ground for SpaceX's Starship Human Landing System and other hardware in lunar orbit. NASA says the revised approach increases mission cadence overall while reducing risk on individual flights.