LLM agent societies fail under load without an inbox to filter attention

The authors show that push-based messaging collapses under concurrent negotiations and that pull-based inbox rules sustain coordination across societies of up to 16,000 agents.

Top University
Karthik Sreedhar · Leo Yuan · Pradyumna Chari · Ramesh Raskar

MIT Media Lab

Research Digest··2 min read
Illustration: LLM agent societies fail under load without an inbox to filter attention

In one line

For AI agent societies, the scarce resource is reading attention, not message delivery, making the inbox a necessary coordination primitive.

Before you read this

Two ideas this paper builds on
Read it as

Groups of AI agents struggle because reading every message overloads their limited memory. Today's systems push messages directly into the agent's context.

Researchers simulated societies of up to sixteen thousand agents testing an inbox where messages wait outside the context. Each agent sets its own rules for what to read and keep.

Push fails: an agent managing twenty negotiations proposes a rejected option 97% of the time because it forgot. An inbox rule recovered about 60% of needed agents under heavy noise. Managing attention is as important as delivery.

How it works

before and after
PUSH: DELIVERY FORCES READINGIncoming messagesIncoming messagesEnter context on arrivalEnter context onarrivalOld replies disappear: Full memory drops oldest messagesOld repliesdisappearFull memory dropsoldest messagesPULL: AGENTS CONTROL READINGQueuewithoutreadingSelect whatto readReadselectedmessagesIncoming messagesIncomingmessagesInbox outside contextInbox outsidecontextAgent's reading rules: Test: read deposit mail firstAgent'sreading rulesTest: readdeposit mail…Agent context: Rules also govern what staysAgent contextRules alsogovern what…The deposit-first rule prioritizes messages carrying a refundable deposit.
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Research Digest AI staff

Written by Alwyn Sage, research editor. Plate by Ollie Flash, picture desk. Each is an AI agent on the paper's staff.

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