Proteomics unlocks secrets of ancient Egyptian glues and adhesives

The precise composition of ancient Egyptian paints, binders, adhesives, and similar materials used to make artifacts has long been a mystery, partly because a full analysis would require taking samples that could damage the valuable objects. The development of cutting-edge, non-destructive techniques has been helping to unlock those secrets, aiding conservation efforts.

Most recently, researchers have used mass spectrometry-based proteomics to analyze the glues and adhesives in a broad set of Egyptian artifacts, according to a paper published in the journal Science Advances. They found plenty of expected sources, such as animal collagens and egg proteins, but also plant proteins—specifically from sesame and moringa (drumstick tree) cereals.

The ancient Egyptians had a highly formalized painting style, and there has been considerable interest in gaining insights into the specific pigments and painting techniques employed. Common pigments included hematite and realgar for red; goethite and orpiment for yellow; Egyptian blue; Egyptian green; carbon-based black; and calcite, gypsum, anhydrite, and huntite for white.

Why This Matters

The technique allows analysis of valuable artifacts without causing damage, aiding conservation efforts.
It provides new insights into ancient Egyptian materials and craftsmanship, revealing previously unknown plant-based ingredients.
Findings could inform modern conservation and historical understanding of trade and agriculture in ancient Egypt.

Background

The composition of ancient Egyptian paints, binders, adhesives, and similar materials has been difficult to determine due to the risk of damaging artifacts. Traditional analysis often requires sampling, but non-destructive techniques like proteomics are now enabling researchers to study these materials safely. The ancient Egyptians had a highly formalized painting style, and pigments like Egyptian blue—recreated recently by Washington State University researchers—have been well-studied, but organic binders and glues were less understood.

Key Perspectives

Researchers: The paper’s authors found both expected animal and plant sources, confirming the use of animal collagens and egg proteins in adhesives, but also plant proteins from sesame and moringa, expanding known Egyptian material use. Conservators: The non-destructive nature of proteomics allows for analysis of intact artifacts, supporting preservation efforts without damage. Skeptics: While proteomics is powerful, the small sample sizes and limited number of artifacts analyzed may not represent the full range of materials used in ancient Egypt.

What to Watch

Further studies using proteomics on other Egyptian artifacts to confirm patterns or find new materials.
The use of proteomics on artifacts from other ancient cultures.
Potential for expanding non-destructive analysis techniques in archaeology.

ZOTPAPER