Gonzalo Himiob, vice-president of rights group Foro Penal, said a significant number of political prisoners had been freed from several detention centres on Saturday.
Among those released was Wilder Vasquez, who was handed a five-year sentence in 2018 on claims he was plotting to kill former President Nicolás Maduro.
The releases come after Rodriguez met Trump at the UN General Assembly on Tuesday. Trump captured Maduro earlier this year, and Rodriguez's administration previously freed hundreds of prisoners as part of a reconciliation effort following Maduro's seizure.
However, those releases slowed to a trickle in April after Rodriguez said the scheme was "coming to an end."
Opposition figures have renewed calls for free elections following the Rodriguez-Trump talks. Venezuela's government has not made any statement concerning the latest releases, nor has it indicated whether they were linked to Rodriguez's conversation with the US president.